We have published extensively on remedies (damages), execution of judgments and compliance behaviour (including publications and reports on specific countries), use of algorithms in human rights courts, and bias and behavioural approaches to the study of international law. 

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Remedies 

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Damages, Compensation and Just Satisfaction

Veronika Fikfak. 'Non-pecuniary damages before the European Court of Human Rights: Forget the victim; it’s all about the state.' (2020) Vol 33. Leiden Journal of International Law, 1-34. 

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Veronika Fikfak. ‘Changing State Behaviour: Damages before the European Court of Human Rights’. (2018) 29/4 European Journal of International Law, pages 1091-1125.

• Summary available at EJIL Live, Interview Episode 37. ​

• Veronika Fikfak. ‘Damages for Human Rights Violations before the European Court of Human Rights’ (2019) EHRAC blog (also translated to Russian).

 

Veronika Fikfak. 'Structural Remedies: Human Rights Law.' Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, 2022. 

Veronika Fikfak. 'DRC v Uganda, 2022 Reparations Judgment.' (2022) Cambridge Law Journal. 

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We are currently working on several outputs related to the enforcement of compensation awards. 

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Execution of judgments and compliance

 

Compensation and execution of judgments

Veronika Fikfak. 'Compliance and Compensation: Money as a currency of human rights.' in Rachel Murray and Debra Long, Handbook on Implementation of Human Rights Law. (Edward Elgar, 2022). 

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Strategies of compliance: 

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a) Friendly settlements 

Veronika Fikfak. 'Against Settlement in the European Court of Human Rights'. (2022) 20.3 International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2022. 

Ula Aleksandra Kos. 'Controlling the narrative: Hungary’s post-2010 strategies of non-compliance before the European Court of Human Rights.' (2023) 19.2 European Constitutional Law Review. 

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b) Language of judgments 

Ula Aleksandra Kos. 'Signalling in European Rule of Law cases: Hungary and Poland as Case Studies.' (2023) Human Rights Law Review. 

Veronika Fikfak and Lora Izvorova. 'Language and Persuasion: Dignity at the European Court of Human Rights.' (2022) 22.4 Human Rights Law Review, 2022. 

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c) Role of NGOs

Aysel Küçüksu. 'Enforcing Rights Beyond Litigation: Mapping HRO Strategies in Monitoring ECtHR Judgment Implementation.' (2022) 22.3 Human Rights Law Review, 2022. 

• Aysel Küçüksu. 'In the Aftermath of a Judgment: Why Human Rights Organisations Should Harness the Potential of Rule 9'. Strasbourg Observers, 3 March 2021.
   

d) Sanctioning and Rewarding

Niccolò Ridi and Veronika Fikfak. 'Sanctioning to Change State Behaviour'. (2022) 13.2 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 2022.

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​Veronika Fikfak, ​Justine Batura, and Christian Pogies. 'From Sticks to Carrots?: An Introduction to the Symposium on Rewarding in International Law.' Völkerrechtsblog, 7 June 2021.​ 

The Symposium includes contributions from: 

• Daniel Peat. 'Rewarding Compliance'. Völkerrechtsblog, 8 June 2021.

• Silvia Steininger. 'Beyond Shaming'. Völkerrechtsblog, 9 June 2021.

• Luis F. Viveros-Montoya. 'Reparation and Judicial Discretion.' Völkerrechtsblog, 9 June 2021.

• Matej Avbelj. 'Rewarding in EU Law.' Völkerrechtsblog, 10 June 2021.

• Cristiane Lucena Carneiro. 'Designing Rewards.' Völkerrechtsblog, 11 June 2021.

• Veronika Fikfak, Anne van Aaken, Betül Simsek. 'On Rewarding in International Law: A Conversation with Anne van Aaken and Betül Simsek', Völkerrechtsblog, 11 June 2021.

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New methods to study compliance behaviour

Katharina Luckner, Veronika Fikfak. 'Applications of ABM in International Legal Research: The Case of Compliance.' JURIX 2021. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2022. 

Katharina Luckner, Veronika Fikfak. 'Not all nations at all times: How States Imitate Each Other’s Behavior Towards Non-Compliance with International Law Norms: an ABM proposal.' JURIX 2023 Proceedings.

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Country specific publications and compliance reports

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- Hungary

Ula Aleksandra Kos, Zita Barcza-Szabó and Veronika Fikfak. 'Hungary and the ECtHR: The Question of Compliance'. iCourts Working Papers Series no. 289. ​

Ula Aleksandra Kos. 'Signalling in European Rule of Law cases: Hungary and Poland as Case Studies.' (2023) Human Rights Law Review. 

Ula Aleksandra Kos. 'Controlling the narrative: Hungary’s post-2010 strategies of non-compliance before the European Court of Human Rights.' (2023) 19.2 European Constitutional Law Review. 

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- Slovenia

Veronika Fikfak and Ula Kos. 'Slovenia - An Exemplary Complier With Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights?' iCourts Working Papers Series no. 249. 

• In Slovenian: Veronika Fikfak and Ula Kos. 'Izvrševanje in implementacija sodb Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice: Slovenija kot vzorna država?' (2021) 40(8) Pravna Praksa, II-XI . 

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- Denmark

Aysel Küçüksu. 'Proactive Prevention: Denmark's Domestic Practices of Human Rights Compliance.' (2023) Journal of Human Rights Practice.

Aysel Küçüksu. ’Forsker: Danmark er ikke nogen menneskeretlig badboy. Tværtimod - vi er en pligtopfyldende duksedreng’, Politiken, 3 March 2022.

Aysel Küçüksu. 'Danmark i Strasbourg: en Empirisk Undersøgelse af Danmarks Præstation ved den Europæiske Menneskerettighedsdomstol' (2023) 2 Retfaerd.
 

- Russia

Klara Dahler-Larsen. 'Consequences of the exclusion of the Russian Federation from the Council of Europe with regards to the execution of judgments.' Masters' thesis, University of Copenhagen, January 2023, iCourts Working Paper 332.  

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- UK

Veronika Fikfak. 'UK's Defiance of the European Court of Human Rights.' (1 June 2023) The Constitution Unit Blog. 

Veronika Fikfak. ‘English Courts and the ‘internalisation’ of the European Convention on Human Rights – Between Theory and Practice.’ (2013-2014) 5 The UK Supreme Court Yearbook, pages 183-214. 

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AI in adjudication

 

Automated decision-making in human rights court

Veronika Fikfak and Laurence R. Helfer. 'Automating International Human Rights Adjudication.' (2024) 45(1) Michigan Journal of International Law.

Veronika Fikfak. 'What Future for Human Rights? Decision-making by Algorithm'. Strasbourg Observers, 19 May 2021.

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Zuzanna Godzimirska, Aysel Küçüksu, Salome Ravn. 'From the Vantage Point of Vulnerability Theory: Algorithmic Decision-Making and Access to the European Court of Human Rights.' (2022) 20 Nordic Journal of Human Rights 235-249. 

• Aysel appeared on Podcast series  Voices in Vulnerability recorded by the Vulnerability and the Human Condition Center at the University of Atlanta. 15 June 2022.

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Behavioural approaches to international law 

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Veronika Fikfak, Daniel Peat, and Eva van der Zee. 'Bias in International Law.' (2022) 23.3 German Law Journal, 281-297. ​

The Symposium includes contributions from: 

• Moshe Hirsch. 'Regulators’ Mindsets, Ingroup Favoritism, and the National Treatment Obligation in World Trade Organization Law.' 

• Benedikt Pirker and Izabela Skoczen. 'Pragmatic Inferences and Moral Factors in Treaty Interpretation—Applying Experimental Linguistics to International Law'. 

• Jonathan Kolieb. 'Consuming International Law: Towards an Experimental Research Agenda for Understanding the Effects of Corporate International Humanitarian Law Violations on Consumer Buying Behavior.' 

• Runar Hilleren Lie. 'The Influencers of International Investment Law: A Computational Study of ISDS Actors’ Changing Behavior'.

• Evangelia Nissioti. 'It Takes Three to Tango: A Behavioral Analysis of the Use of a Mediator in International Disputes.'

• Eva van der Zee. 'How Insights on Bounded Rationality Could Inform the International Law of Environmental Assessments.'

• Ezgi Yildiz and Umut Yüksel. 'Understanding the limitations of Behaviouralism: Lessons from the Field of Maritime Delimitation'.
   

Daniel Peat, Veronika Fikfak, and Eva van der Zee. 'Behavioural Compliance Theory.' (2022) 13.2 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 2022.

​The Symposium includes contributions from: 

• Daniel Peat. 'Perception and Process: Towards a Behavioural Theory of Compliance'. ​

• Niccolò Ridi and Veronika Fikfak. 'Sanctioning to Change State Behaviour'. 

• Sophie Duroy. 'State Compliance with International Law in Intelligence Matters: A Behavioural Approach.' 

 

Eva van der Zee, Veronika Fikfak, and Daniel Peat. 'Introduction to the Symposium on the Limitations of the Behavioural Turn in International Law.' American Journal of International Law Unbound, 21 July 2021.

​The Symposium includes contributions from: 

• Emilie M. Hafner-Burton. 'Elite Decision-making and International Law: Promises and Perils of the Behavioural Revolution'. 

• Sungjoon Cho. 'A Social Critique of Behavioral Approaches to International Law'. 

• Lauge Poulsen, Michael Waibel. 'Boilerplate in International Economic Law.' 

• Anne van Aaken. 'The Cognitive Psychology of Rules of Interpretation in International Law.' 

• Doron Teichman, Eyal Zamir. 'Normative Aspects of Nudging in the International Sphere'. 

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Veronika Fikfak, ​Justine Batura, and Christian Pogies. 'From Sticks to Carrots?: An Introduction to the Symposium on Rewarding in International Law.' Völkerrechtsblog, 7 June 2021.​

​The Symposium includes contributions from: 

• Daniel Peat. 'Rewarding Compliance'. Völkerrechtsblog, 8 June 2021.

• Silvia Steininger. 'Beyond Shaming'. Völkerrechtsblog, 9 June 2021.

• Luis F. Viveros-Montoya. 'Reparation and Judicial Discretion.' Völkerrechtsblog, 9 June 2021.

• Matej Avbelj. 'Rewarding in EU Law.' Völkerrechtsblog, 10 June 2021.

• Cristiane Lucena Carneiro. 'Designing Rewards.' Völkerrechtsblog, 11 June 2021.

• Veronika Fikfak, Anne van Aaken, Betül Simsek. 'On Rewarding in International Law: A Conversation with Anne van Aaken and Betül Simsek', Völkerrechtsblog, 11 June 2021.